أحمد محمد لبن Ahmad.M.Lbn مؤسس ومدير المنتدى
عدد المساهمات : 52644 العمر : 72
| موضوع: رد: الفصل الأول: نطاق الاستشراق الإثنين 10 يونيو 2024, 7:47 pm | |
| قائمة المصادر والمراجع ثانيًا: الجغرافيا الخيالية وصورها (1) R. W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 72. See also Francis Dvornik, The Ecumenical Councils (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1961), pp. 65-6: “Of special interest is the eleventh canon directing that chairs for teaching Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and Chaldean should created at the main universities. The suggestion was Raymond Lull’s, who advocatedlearning Arabic as the best means for the conversion of the Arabs. Although the canon remained almost without effect as there were few teachers of oriental languages, its acceptance indicates the growth of the missionary idea in the West. Gregory X had already hoped for the conversion of the Mongols, and Franciscan friars had penetrated into the depths of Asia in their missionary spiritcontinued to develop.” See also Johann W. Fuck, Die Arabischen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955). (2) Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance orientale (Paris: Payot, 1950). See also V.-V. Barthold, La Decouverte de l’Asie: Histoire de Vorientalisme en Europe et en Russie, trans. B. Nikitine (Paris: Payot, 1947), and the relevant pages in Theodor Benfey, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft und Orientalischen Philologie in Deutschichte (Munich: Goltafschen, 1869). For an instructive contrast see James T. Monroe, Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970). (3) Victor Hugo, Oeuvres poetiques, ed. Pierre Albouy (Pais: Gallimard, 1964), 1: 580. (4) Jules Mohl, Vingt-sept Ans d’histoire des etudes orientates: Rapports fails a la Societe asiatique de 1840 a 1867, 2 vols. (Paris: Reinwald, 1879-80). (5) Gustave Dugat, Histoire des orientalists de l’Europe du XIIs au XIX9 siecle, 2 vols. (Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1868–70). (6) See Rene Gerard, L’Orient et la pensee romantique allemande (Paris: Didier, 1963), p. 112. (7) Kiernan, Lords of Human Kind, p. 131. (8) University Grants Committee, Report of the Sub-Committee on Oriental, Slavonic, East European and African Studies (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1961). (9) H. A. R. Gibb, Area Studies Reconsidered (London; School of Oriental and African Studies, 1964). (10) See Claude Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), Chaps. 1–7. (11) Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, trans. Maria Jolas (New York: Orion Press, 1964). (12) Southern, WeJfern Views of Islam, p. 14. (13) Aeschylus, The Persians, trans. Anthony J. Podleck (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), pp. 73. (14) Euripides, The Bacchae, trans. Geoffrey S. Kirk (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), p. 3. For further discussion of the Europe orient distinction see Santo Mazzarino, Fra oriente e occidente: Ricerche di storia greca arcaica (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1947), and Denys Hay, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968). (15) Euripides, Bacchae, p. 52. (16) Rene Grousset, L’Empira du Levant: Histoire de la question d’Orient (Paris: Payot, 1946). (17) Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1855), 6: 399. (18) Norman Danial, The Arabs and Medieval Europe (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1975), p. 56. (19) Samuel C. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England During the Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1937), p. 103. (20) Norman Danial, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh: University Press, 1960), p. 33. See also James Kritzeck, Peter the Venerable and Islam (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964). (21) Daniel, Islam and the West, p. 252. (22) Ibid., pp. 259-60. (23) See for example William Wistar Comfort, “The Literary Role of the Saracens in the French Epic,” PMLA 55 (1940): 628–59. (24) Southern, Western Views of Islam, pp. 91-2, 108-9. (25) Daniel, Islam and the West, pp. 246, 96, and Passim. (26) Ibid., p. 84. (27) Duncan Black Macdonald, “Whither Islam?” Muslim World 23 (January 1933): 2. (28) P. M. Holt, Introduction to the Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P. M. Holt, Anne K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. xvi. (29) Antoine Galland, prefatory “Discours” to Barthelemy d’Herbelot Bibliotheque orientale, ou Dictionnaire universel contenant tout ce qui fait connaitre les peuples de l’Orient (The Hague: Neauime & van Daalen, 1777), 1: vii. Galland’s point is that d’Herbelot presented real knowledge, not legend or myth of the sort associated with the “marvels of the East.” See R. Wittkower, “Marvels of the East: A Study in the History of Monsters,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Insittutes 5 (1942): 159–97. (30) Galland. Prefatory “Discours” to d’Herbelot, Bibliotheque orientale, pp. xvi, xxxiii. For the state of Orientalist knowledge immediately before d’Herbelot, see V. J. Parry, “Renaissance Historical Literature in Relation to the New and Middle East (with Special Refrence to Paolo Giovio), “in Historians of the Middle East,” ed. Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 277–89. (31) Barthold, La Decouverte de l’Asie, pp. 137-8. (32) D’Herbelot, Bibliotheque orientale, 2: 648. (33) See alse Montgomery Watt, “Muhammad in the Eyes of the West,” Boston University Journal 22, no. 3 (Fall 1974): 61–9. (34) Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (London: Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 13-14. (35) Henri Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, trans. Bernard Miall (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1939), pp. 234, 283. |
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