11. The Prophet’s Guidance Concerning Fasting79
a. His Guidance in Fasting Ramadhan:
* According to his guidance he (Peace be upon him) would only begin the fast of Ramadhan after a verified sighting of the new moon or the evidence of a witness. In case it was not sighted and without a witness he would complete 30 days of Sha`baan.

* If the new moon could not be sighted on the 29th of Sha`baan due to clouds, he (Peace be upon him) completed thirty days of the month. He (Peace be upon him) did not fast on the day of doubt, or tell anyone to do it.

* He (Peace be upon him) terminated the fast at the end of the month based on the testimony of two witnesses.
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79 Zadul-Ma`ad (2/30)
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* If two witnesses gave a testimony about sighting the moon after Eid prayer time had passed, he (Peace be upon him) would break his fast, order people to do so and would perform the Eid prayer at its time the following morning.

* He (Peace be upon him) used to hasten to break of the fast [at sunset] and ordered the people to do so. He also used to delay his suhoor80 and encourage others to do the same.

* He (Peace be upon him) used to break his fast before performing the maghrib prayer. He (Peace be upon him) would break his fast with fresh or dry dates, and if unavailable, with water.

* Upon breaking his fast he (Peace be upon him) would say: "Dhahab ath-thama'u wabtallatil-`urooqu wa thabatal-ajr 'in shaa Allaah." (Thirst has gone, the veins have been moistened and the reward is assured, if Allah wills.)81
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80 A pre-dawn meal for those intending to fast.
81 Abu Dawud.
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* He (Peace be upon him) used to intensify his acts of worship in Ramadhan. The angel Gabriel would meet with him in this month to review the Qur'an.

* During Ramadhan he (Peace be upon him) also increased charity, good deeds, recitation of the Qur'an, prayer, remembrance of Allah and i`tikaaf.82

* He (Peace be upon him) used to perform certain acts of worship particular to Ramadhan. Sometimes he continued fasting without breaking it at night, although he (Peace be upon him) prohibited his companions from doing so. He allowed them to continue only to the time of suhoor.

b. His Guidance in What Is Allowed and Prohibited While Fasting
* His guidance was that when one fasts he should abstain from improper speech, noisy arguments, insults and replying to them. He instructed that if one is cursed or insulted he should only say, “I am fasting”.
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82 Seclusion in the mosque for devotion to worship.
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* While travelling, he (Peace be upon him) sometimes observed fasting and sometimes broke his fast, and he gave his companions the option to do either.

* He (Peace be upon him) would order his companions to break their fast when they approached an enemy.

* He (Peace be upon him) did not specify any certain distance after which a traveller would be excused from fasting.

* When his companions would start a journey, they would break the fast even before leaving he residential area and affirmed that this was the sunnah of the Prophet (Peace be upon him).

* It might be that on a day of fasting he (Peace be upon him) would be in a state of sexual impurity at the break of dawn, but he would then perform ghusl83 and observe the fast as usual.

* He (Peace be upon him) would kiss one of his wives while fasting in Ramadhan.
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83 A complete bath.
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* He (Peace be upon him) would clean his teeth with a toothstick, rinse his mouth and nose and pour water on his head while fasting.

* He (Peace be upon him) ruled that a fasting person need not make up the day if he ate or drank out of forgetfulness.

* He (Peace be upon him) permitted sick and travelling persons to break the fast and make up the missed days later. He (Peace be upon him) also permitted a pregnant or nursing women to do the same if they feared harm to themselves.

c. His Guidance in Voluntary Fasting:
* His guidance was most complete and perfect for achieving the desired objective with ease.

He (Peace be upon him) used to fast until it was said that he would never stop fasting. And he would refrain from fasting until it was said that he was not going to fast. He (Peace be upon him) never fasted a full month except for Ramadhan, but he never fasted in any other month more than he did in Sha`baan.
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* According to his guidance, it is disliked to single out Friday as a day to fast, but he took care to fast on Mondays and Thursdays.

* He (Peace be upon him) never missed fasting on the days of the full moon ( the 13th, 14th and 15th of every lunar month), whether at home or on a journey, and he encouraged others to fast them.

* He (Peace be upon him) also used to fast the first three days of every lunar month.

* He (Peace be upon him) encouraged fasting six days from the month of Shawaal, saying that fasting them after the fast of Ramadhan is equivalent to fasting the entire year.84 He always fasted the day of 'Ashuraa',85 mentioning that it expiates the sins of the past year.86
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84 Narrated by Muslim.
85The tenth day of the month of Muharram. In the final year of his life, the Prophet expressed his intent to fast the ninth day as well.
86 Muslim.
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* With regard to the day of `Arafah, he (Peace be upon him) said that it expiates the sins of the past year and the coming year.87 But his guidance for Hajj pilgrims was not to fast on the Day of `Arafah.

* It was not of his guidance to fast every day of the year. On the contrary, he (Peace be upon him) said, “Whoever fasts every day has neither fasted nor broken the fast.”88

* Sometimes he (Peace be upon him) would intend to fast voluntarily and then break his fast. And he (Peace be upon him) would sometimes ask his family, "Do you have any food?" If they said no, he (Peace be upon him) would say: “Then, I am fasting”.89
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87 Muslim.
88 An-Nasa'i.
89 Muslim.
84
* And he (Peace be upon him) said: “If one of you is invited to a meal while fasting, he should say, 'I am fasting'.”90

d. His Guidance in I`tikaaf 91
* He (Peace be upon him) was regular in i`tikaaf during the last ten days of Ramadhan until he died. Once he missed it in Ramadhan but made the days up during the month of Shawwal.

* He (Peace be upon him) once did i`tikaaf in the first ten days of Ramadhan, then the middle ten days, then the last ten days, seeking Laylatul-Qadr. Then it became clear to him that it is in the last ten days, so he continued to do it then, until he died.

* He (Peace be upon him) always combined i`tikaaf with fasting.

* He (Peace be upon him) used to order a tent to be set up for him in the mosque in which to seclude himself.
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90 Muslim.
91 Seclusion in the mosque for worship. Zadul-Ma`ad (2/82)
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* When intending i`tikaaf, he began it after performing the fajr prayer.

* His mattress would be placed for him inside his tent, which he entered alone.

* He (Peace be upon him) would only enter his house for answering the call of nature.

* He (Peace be upon him) used to put his head into Aisha’s room to comb his hair, even when she had her menses.

* Some of his wives used to visit him during his i`tikaaf, and when she got up to leave he (Peace be upon him) would get up and escort her. These visits were at night.

* He (Peace be upon him) did not have sexual relations with any of his wives during i`tikaaf, not even kissing.

* He (Peace be upon him) used to perform i`tikaaf ten days every year, in the year before he died he did it for twenty days.
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